Dose-dependent increase in the expression levels of markers upon E. coli rRNA and LPS stimulations. E. coli rRNA (10–40 ng) a and LPS (10–40 ng) b were injected into zebrafish embryos at 30 hpf. At 6 hpi, the induced expression levels of il8, il1β, psmb9a and rpl38 were analyzed by PCR for the respective doses of stimulants. C Control (water)

Comparative induction potential of E. coli rRNA, poly (I:C) and LPS. Upon microinjection with 40 ng of stimulants, the induced expression levels of il8, il1β, psmb9a and rpl38 were analyzed at 6 hpi by PCR. C Control (water), E E. coli rRNA, P Poly (I:C) and L LPS

Comparative induction potentials of LPS; rRNAs from E. coli, chicken and zebrafish; and IVT-18S rRNA. Upon microinjection with 40 ng of various stimulants, the induced levels of il8, il1β and psmb9a expression were estimated by qPCR at indicated times. Induction potential was compared between E. coli rRNA and LPS a among E. coli, chicken and zebrafish rRNAs b and between IVT-18S and native self rRNAs c. Induction levels of water-injected embryos (represented as fold 1 in the figures) were used as a control to quantitate the induction levels of test stimulants at the respective time points. Values are mean ± SE (n = 3)