Fig. 1

Fig. 1 Effect of amlodipine on Open Field Behavior in SHR rats.

SHR rats were treated with either amlodipine (10 mg/kg) or a vehicle daily for 30 days; WKY rats received vehicle only. Assessments were made before treatment (D0) and at end of treatment (D29) using OFT. Measurements included rearing frequency (A–C), distance traveled in the center zone (D–F), and ambulatory time in the center zone (G–I). Reduced distance traveled was revealed at D29, with amlodipine-treated SHR rats covering significantly less distance than vehicle-treated SHR rats in the female group (D) and for both sexes combined (F). Additionally, reduced ambulatory time was observed at D29, where amlodipine-treated SHR rats spent significantly less time ambulating in the center zone compared to vehicle-treated SHR rats in the female group (G) and for both sexes combined (I). Data are depicted as mean ± SEM, n = 10, a mixed-model approach (REML) followed by a post-hoc analysis with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001.