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Fig. 1 Ocular parameter changes in dark-reared zebrafish (a) Dark-reared fish are raised in an environment with low-light intensity (1–5 lx). (b) Definition of eye parameters. (c) The ratio coefficient used in this study was extrapolated using the best-fit line, in which the light-reared zebrafish retinal radius shows a good linear relationship with the lens radius. (d, e) Relative refractive error and eye axis/body length ratio measurements in light- and dark-reared zebrafish. For light-reared zebrafish, n = 40, 38, 30, and 44 eyes at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-fertilization, respectively. For dark-reared zebrafish, n = 50, 32, 30, and 54 eyes at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-fertilization, respectively. Statistical significance was analyzed using Student's t-test: N.s., no significance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.