Metabolic alterations in the viperin-/- fish. (A) ROS quantification in vitro. viperin-overexpressing cells were analyzed for ROS production, and results are indicating a higher ROS production with the presence of Viperin. (B) The expression of metabolic related genes under VHSV infection in adult zebrafish. According to the analysis, the expression of hif1a, soda, and ldha is downregulated in viperin-/- fish. Expression of genes responsible for lipid synthesis, acaca and fasna, has upregulated. (C) Lipid analysis in vitro, the viperin-overexpressing cells had significantly lower levels of lipids under virus infection. (D) Cholesterol analysis in vivo, viperin-/- fish had a significantly higher amount of cholesterol compared to that in WT fish. ROS, Reactive oxygen species; hif1a, hypoxia-inducible factor-1; soda, superoxide dismutase; ldha, Lactate dehydrogenase; acc, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; fasn, fatty acid synthase; ifn, interferon.
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